The Vedas were originally composed in Vedic Sanskrit, also known as an archaic or early form of Sanskrit. This is the oldest attested layer of the Sanskrit language and stands at the fountainhead of the Hindu scriptural and philosophical tradition. Compared with the more familiar Classical Sanskrit, Vedic Sanskrit preserves older sounds, forms, and constructions, including certain verb forms, particles, and case endings that later became rare or disappeared. Its phonology includes accent patterns and pitch variations that mark it as a living, recited tradition, closely tied to ritual and chant. The vocabulary of this early stratum contains many terms that either fell out of use or shifted in meaning over time, while also preserving core religious and philosophical concepts such as yajña, deva, brahman, and ṛta.

From a linguistic and spiritual standpoint, Vedic Sanskrit provided the foundation upon which Classical Sanskrit was later standardized and refined. The great grammatical tradition, epitomized by Pāṇini, drew heavily on Vedic usage, even when later norms diverged, so that the Vedas functioned as both a linguistic and a sacred point of reference. Classical Sanskrit simplified and systematized many of the more complex Vedic forms, yet retained the essential root system, much of the vocabulary, and a sophisticated sound structure that echoes its Vedic ancestry. Because the Vedas are revered as śruti, “that which is heard,” their language acquired a special authority, and this reverence helped to establish Sanskrit as the preeminent sacred and scholarly medium of Hindu thought. In this way, the Vedic idiom not only shaped the grammar and lexicon of later Sanskrit, but also undergirded an unbroken spiritual and literary continuum that subsequent texts continually reinterpreted and renewed.