Within the philosophical vision of Vishishtadvaita Vedanta as articulated by Ramanuja, the relationship between the individual soul (jiva) and the supreme soul (Brahman, or Vishnu) is one of qualified non-dualism. This doctrine upholds that the individual soul is both distinct from and inseparably connected to the supreme, forming a unity that is neither entirely separate nor wholly identical. The individual soul is real and eternal, existing as a mode or attribute (prakara) of Brahman, much as the body is related to the soul. This relationship is not merely metaphorical but reflects an ontological dependence, wherein the jiva is sustained and controlled by Brahman, who acts as the inner controller (antaryamin).

The analogies of body and soul, part and whole, and attribute and substance are often invoked to illuminate this intricate relationship. Just as the body cannot exist independently of the soul, the individual souls exist only in and through Brahman, yet retain their own distinct identities. The jiva is described as an inseparable part (amsa) of Brahman, real and substantive, never illusory or merely apparent. Despite this profound unity, the individuality of each soul persists even in the state of liberation (moksha), where the soul realizes its true nature as eternally subservient and devoted to Brahman.

The spiritual journey in this framework is characterized by the soul’s realization of its essential dependence and service to the supreme. The individual soul is a conscious entity, yet its consciousness is limited compared to the infinite awareness of Brahman. Liberation is not the dissolution of individuality, but rather the attainment of blissful communion with Brahman, marked by loving devotion and surrender. In this vision, the relationship between the soul and the supreme is one of both unity and distinction, where the soul’s highest fulfillment lies in recognizing its eternal connection and service to the divine source.