In Jain thought, ahimsa is not merely the avoidance of physical aggression but the radical commitment to refrain from harming any living being in thought, word, or deed. It is regarded as the highest religious principle, the first and foundational vow upon which all other disciplines rest. This non-violence extends to all jivas, from humans and animals to plants and even the tiniest microorganisms and single-celled life forms, each understood as possessing equal spiritual worth. Because every act of harm binds the soul with heavy karma and obstructs its liberation, the practice of ahimsa is seen as a direct means of self-purification and spiritual freedom.

The scope of this principle is both external and internal. Externally, it forbids killing, injuring, or causing pain, whether directly or indirectly, and also prohibits encouraging, approving, or benefiting from such harm. Internally, it requires the restraint of anger, hatred, cruelty, and ill will, and the cultivation of compassion and reverence for all life. Non-violence thus operates on three levels: mental, verbal, and physical, demanding gentle thoughts, truthful and non-hurtful speech, and careful, considerate action.

In daily practice, this ideal shapes every aspect of life for those who follow it. Monks and nuns embrace it in its strictest form, walking carefully to avoid trampling insects, sweeping the ground before sitting, filtering water to protect microscopic beings, and minimizing the use of fire and artificial light. Lay followers observe a moderated form, yet still avoid intentional harm, adopt strict vegetarianism, and may refrain from root vegetables to reduce injury to multiple life forms. Both renunciants and householders are urged to avoid occupations and activities that cause harm, and to remain especially vigilant when living beings are most abundant.

Jain teachings also distinguish between kinds of violence in order to refine ethical awareness. Physical violence and mental or emotional violence are both recognized, and intentional harm is absolutely forbidden, while unintentional harm is to be reduced as far as possible through mindfulness and restraint. In this way, ahimsa is not a passive abstention but an active discipline of care, a continuous effort to move through the world so lightly that other beings are disturbed as little as possible.