Within the tapestry of Indian society, Lingayats occupy a position that is both influential and internally contested. They are especially prominent in Karnataka, where they form one of the largest socio‑religious communities and a major voting bloc, with a notable presence also in neighboring regions. Their religious lineage is traced to Basavanna and the twelfth‑century sharanas, whose teachings combined devotion to Shiva with a radical critique of caste and ritualism. Yet, for legal and census purposes, Lingayats are still generally counted within the wider Hindu fold, even as debates continue over whether their path should be recognized as a distinct religion. This tension between official classification and self‑understanding shapes much of their contemporary experience.

Socially and politically, Lingayats are widely regarded as an influential and relatively empowered community. They have produced many prominent political leaders, including chief ministers, and enjoy strong representation in legislative bodies, particularly in Karnataka. Their influence is reinforced by control over land, trade, and business in several regions, and by a visible presence in professions and public life. Religious institutions such as mathas administer extensive networks of schools, colleges, hostels, hospitals, and other charitable bodies, contributing to educational advancement and public service. Through these institutions, the community’s voice is heard not only in spiritual matters but also in the civic and political arenas.

At the same time, the inner life of the community reflects a complex negotiation between ideal and practice. Basavanna’s vision emphasized equality, the rejection of caste hierarchy, and a direct, personal devotion to Shiva; these principles still inspire reformist currents that speak against dowry, caste discrimination, and gender inequality, and that encourage women’s education and leadership. Yet, within the community, there remain multiple sub‑sects and caste‑like groupings, and observers often note a gap between the egalitarian ideal and everyday social arrangements. Thus, Lingayats today stand at a crossroads: a community with considerable social capital and institutional strength, continually re‑examining how faithfully it embodies the radical spiritual and social insights at the heart of its own tradition.