Within the tradition of Self-Inquiry associated with Ramana Maharshi, an outer guru is not regarded as an absolute prerequisite, though such guidance can be of great value. Ramana consistently pointed to the Self—one’s own true nature—as the real guru, emphasizing that realization is ultimately an inner recognition rather than something conferred from outside. The question “Who am I?” can be pursued by anyone with earnest dedication, and the direct turning of attention toward the sense of “I” is always available. In this sense, sincere self-effort and a steady orientation toward awareness itself form the essential foundation of the path.

At the same time, the presence of a realized teacher or mature guide can significantly support this process. Without such guidance, it is easy to misinterpret Self-Inquiry as a merely intellectual exercise, a dry repetition of the question, or a form of suppression of thoughts, rather than a gentle and sustained returning to the felt sense of “I.” A competent teacher can clarify what Self-Inquiry actually entails, correct subtle errors, and help distinguish the search for special experiences from the recognition of ever-present awareness. This kind of support can be especially important when doubts arise or when the mind generates obstacles and discouragement.

Ramana’s own life illustrates this dual perspective. Many regarded him as their guru and experienced his presence as a powerful pointer to the Self, yet he did not insist on formal discipleship or initiation as a condition for practice. The role of such a guru is to direct attention back to the inner reality, to function as a mirror in which egoic tendencies become visible, and to offer encouragement during difficult periods. Whether encountered in person or through clear teachings, this guidance serves to illuminate what is already present rather than to add anything new.

Ultimately, the decisive factor is the depth of commitment to the inquiry itself. Persistent questioning of one’s assumed identity, supported by careful study of reliable teachings and, when available, the help of a genuine teacher, allows the practice to mature. The “outer” and “inner” aspects of guidance then converge: the external guru, when present, simply reinforces the primacy of the inner guru, the Self, which is the true source and goal of Self-Inquiry.