Within Nagarjuna’s Madhyamaka philosophy, compassion (karuṇā) emerges as a fundamental principle, intricately woven with the doctrine of emptiness (śūnyatā). Compassion is not merely an ethical aspiration but is regarded as an essential aspect of spiritual realization. The profound insight into emptiness—that all phenomena lack inherent, independent existence—dissolves the rigid boundaries between self and other, thereby allowing genuine compassion to arise spontaneously. This dissolution of egoic attachment fosters a natural empathy, extending beyond humans to encompass all sentient beings.

The relationship between compassion and emptiness is both complementary and transformative. Understanding emptiness does not lead to indifference or nihilism; rather, it enhances the capacity for compassionate action. On the conventional level, compassion manifests as the active alleviation of suffering among sentient beings. On the ultimate level, the realization that there are no inherently existing beings paradoxically deepens the motivation to help, as the practitioner recognizes the interdependent nature of all existence. This dual perspective avoids the pitfalls of both reification and denial, offering a balanced approach to compassionate engagement.

Nagarjuna’s thought is closely aligned with the Mahayana bodhisattva ideal, wherein the practitioner vows to postpone final liberation until all beings achieve enlightenment. This commitment reflects a compassion that is not sentimental but is informed by the wisdom of emptiness. Compassion thus becomes the driving force behind the bodhisattva’s path, motivating the use of upāya, or skillful means. Through skillful adaptation of teachings and methods, the practitioner addresses the diverse needs and capacities of beings, demonstrating the flexibility that arises from a profound understanding of the non-fixed nature of all phenomena.

In this philosophical vision, compassion is both the fruit and the expression of wisdom. The realization of emptiness naturally gives rise to a selfless concern for others, and compassionate action, in turn, supports the ongoing cultivation of wisdom. The interdependence of these virtues forms the heart of Nagarjuna’s spiritual path, guiding practitioners toward liberation not only for themselves but for all sentient beings.