Neo-Confucianism, a philosophical movement that emerged in China during the Song dynasty, is a synthesis of Confucian, Taoist, and Buddhist ideas. This unique blend of philosophies resulted in a complex and nuanced understanding of the concept of the self.

In Neo-Confucianism, the self is viewed as a dynamic and ever-changing entity, constantly influenced by external factors such as society, culture, and relationships. This stands in contrast to the traditional Confucian view of the self as a stable and unchanging entity.

One of the key principles of Neo-Confucianism is the concept of li, which can be translated as "principle" or "pattern." Li refers to the underlying order and harmony in the universe, and it is believed to be the source of all things. In this sense, the self is seen as a microcosm of the universe, and its ultimate goal is to align with the li and achieve harmony with the world.

Another important aspect of the Neo-Confucian view of the self is the concept of qi, which can be translated as "life force" or "energy." Qi is seen as the vital force that animates all living beings and is believed to be present in everything. In this view, the self is not just a physical body but also a manifestation of qi, constantly interacting with the world and other beings.

Neo-Confucianism also places a strong emphasis on the cultivation of the self through self-reflection and self-cultivation. This involves introspection and self-awareness, as well as the development of virtues such as benevolence, righteousness, and propriety. Through this process, the self can become more aligned with the li and achieve inner harmony.

In addition, Neo-Confucianism also incorporates elements of Taoist and Buddhist philosophies, which view the self as interconnected with all things and emphasize the importance of letting go of the ego and desires. This idea is reflected in the Neo-Confucian concept of wu-wei, which can be translated as "non-action" or "effortless action." It suggests that by letting go of our desires and attachments, we can achieve a state of naturalness and spontaneity.

In conclusion, Neo-Confucianism offers a nuanced and multifaceted view of the self, viewing it as a dynamic entity influenced by external factors, interconnected with the universe, and capable of self-cultivation and growth. This perspective emphasizes the importance of achieving inner harmony and aligning with the underlying principles of the universe.