Tathāgatagarbha, also known as Buddha-nature, is a central concept in Mahayana Buddhism that has been a topic of much discussion and debate. It is often described as the inherent potential for enlightenment that exists within all beings. But is Tathāgatagarbha merely a concept or is it a reality?

Some scholars argue that Tathāgatagarbha is purely a concept, a skillful means used by the Buddha to help beings understand the possibility of enlightenment. They point to the fact that the term itself is not found in the early Buddhist scriptures and that it was only introduced in later Mahayana texts. They also argue that the concept of an inherent Buddha-nature goes against the fundamental Buddhist teaching of anattā, or non-self, which states that there is no permanent, unchanging self or essence within beings.

However, there are others who argue that Tathāgatagarbha is not just a concept, but a reality. They point to various sutras and teachings that mention the existence of Buddha-nature, such as the Tathāgatagarbha Sutra and the Mahaparinirvana Sutra. These sutras describe Buddha-nature as something that is already present within all beings, but is obscured by defilements and ignorance. Through the practice of Buddhism, one can uncover and realize this innate potential for enlightenment.

Furthermore, some argue that the concept of Tathāgatagarbha is not contradictory to the teachings of anattā. They argue that the Buddha-nature is not a permanent, unchanging self, but rather a potential for enlightenment that can be realized through the practice of Buddhism. In this sense, Tathāgatagarbha is not a self, but a path towards realizing the true nature of reality.

Ultimately, whether Tathāgatagarbha is considered a concept or a reality may depend on one's interpretation and understanding of Buddhist teachings. However, what is clear is that the concept of Tathāgatagarbha serves as a reminder of the potential for enlightenment that exists within all beings, and can inspire and motivate practitioners on their spiritual journey. Whether one sees it as a concept or a reality, the concept of Tathāgatagarbha offers a profound and hopeful message in the Buddhist tradition.