Tathāgatagarbha, also known as Buddha-nature, is a central concept in Mahayana Buddhism that refers to the inherent potential for enlightenment within all beings. It is often described as the "seed" or "womb" of Buddhahood, and is seen as the ultimate goal of spiritual practice.

One of the key debates surrounding Tathāgatagarbha is whether it can be understood through intellectual study or if it must be experienced. Some scholars argue that Tathāgatagarbha can only be fully realized through direct experience, while others believe that it can be comprehended through philosophical inquiry.

Those who argue for the experiential approach believe that Tathāgatagarbha is a deeply personal and transformative concept that can only be understood through direct experience. This view is supported by the teachings of Mahayana masters such as Nagarjuna and Maitreya, who emphasized the importance of meditation and contemplation in realizing Tathāgatagarbha. They believed that intellectual study alone is not enough to fully grasp the true nature of Tathāgatagarbha, as it requires a deep and intimate connection with one's own mind and inner nature.

On the other hand, proponents of the intellectual approach argue that Tathāgatagarbha can be understood through philosophical inquiry and study of Buddhist texts. They point to the teachings of the Tathāgatagarbha sutras, which provide detailed explanations of the concept and its implications for spiritual practice. They also argue that the concept of Tathāgatagarbha is not meant to be a mystical or esoteric idea, but rather a practical and accessible path to enlightenment that can be understood through careful study and reflection.

Ultimately, both approaches have their merits and limitations. While the experiential approach emphasizes the importance of personal transformation and direct realization, the intellectual approach provides a framework for understanding and applying the concept in one's spiritual practice. In the end, it is up to each individual to find their own path to understanding Tathāgatagarbha, whether through direct experience or intellectual study.

In conclusion, whether Tathāgatagarbha can be understood through intellectual study or must be experienced is a matter of perspective and personal belief. Both approaches have their place in understanding and realizing the concept, and it is ultimately up to the individual to determine which path is most suitable for them. Regardless of the approach, the ultimate goal of Tathāgatagarbha remains the same – to awaken the inherent potential for enlightenment within all beings and achieve the state of Buddhahood.